diff --git a/Lib/tarfile.py b/Lib/tarfile.py
index a4f9ce3311f6dad..f37a05bd67703b3 100644
--- a/Lib/tarfile.py
+++ b/Lib/tarfile.py
@@ -842,7 +842,13 @@ def _get_filtered_attrs(member, dest_path, for_data=True):
             name = new_attrs['name'] = normalized
     target_path = os.path.realpath(os.path.join(dest_path, name),
                                    strict=os.path.ALLOW_MISSING)
-    if os.path.commonpath([target_path, dest_path]) != dest_path:
+    try:
+        outside_destination = (os.path.commonpath([target_path, dest_path])
+                               != dest_path)
+    except ValueError:
+        # commonpath() raises for paths on different drives on Windows.
+        outside_destination = True
+    if outside_destination:
         raise OutsideDestinationError(member, target_path)
     # Limit permissions (no high bits, and go-w)
     mode = member.mode
@@ -897,7 +903,13 @@ def _get_filtered_attrs(member, dest_path, for_data=True):
                 target_path = os.path.join(dest_path, normalized)
             target_path = os.path.realpath(target_path,
                                            strict=os.path.ALLOW_MISSING)
-            if os.path.commonpath([target_path, dest_path]) != dest_path:
+            try:
+                outside_destination = (
+                    os.path.commonpath([target_path, dest_path]) != dest_path)
+            except ValueError:
+                # commonpath() raises for paths on different drives on Windows.
+                outside_destination = True
+            if outside_destination:
                 raise LinkOutsideDestinationError(member, target_path)
     return new_attrs
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py b/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py
index 55f052d0504d67b..3dc69b69ae3dcaf 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py
@@ -4102,6 +4102,14 @@ def expect_exception(self, exc_type, message_re='.'):
         self.reraise_exception = False
         return self.raised_exception
 
+    def _make_drive_relative_path(self, name):
+        dest_drive = os.path.splitdrive(os.path.realpath(
+            self.destdir, strict=os.path.ALLOW_MISSING))[0]
+        for drive in "ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA":
+            if drive.upper() != dest_drive.rstrip(":").upper():
+                return f"{drive}:{name}"
+        raise AssertionError("could not find a different drive")
+
     def test_benign_file(self):
         with ArchiveMaker() as arc:
             arc.add('benign.txt')
@@ -4134,6 +4142,26 @@ def test_absolute(self):
                         tarfile.AbsolutePathError,
                         """['"].*escaped.evil['"] has an absolute path""")
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(os.name != 'nt', 'Windows-specific drive-relative path')
+    def test_drive_relative_member_path(self):
+        # Drive-relative paths such as "Z:evil" are not absolute, but
+        # ntpath.commonpath() raises ValueError for them.
+        member_name = self._make_drive_relative_path('evil')
+        with ArchiveMaker() as arc:
+            arc.add('before')
+            arc.add(member_name)
+            arc.add('after')
+
+        for filter in 'tar', 'data':
+            with self.subTest(filter=filter, errorlevel=1):
+                with self.check_context(arc.open(errorlevel=1), filter):
+                    self.expect_exception(tarfile.OutsideDestinationError)
+
+            with self.subTest(filter=filter, errorlevel=0):
+                with self.check_context(arc.open(errorlevel=0), filter):
+                    self.expect_file('before')
+                    self.expect_file('after')
+
     def test_parent_dir_out_and_back(self):
         # Test a member that leaves the destination and comes back.
         # The containment check looks at the resolved path, which stays
@@ -4404,6 +4432,28 @@ def test_absolute_hardlink(self):
                 tarfile.AbsoluteLinkError,
                 "'parent' is a link to an absolute path")
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(os.name != 'nt', 'Windows-specific drive-relative path')
+    @support.subTests('link_type', (tarfile.SYMTYPE, tarfile.LNKTYPE))
+    def test_data_filter_drive_relative_link_path(self, link_type):
+        linkname = self._make_drive_relative_path('evil')
+        link_kwargs = {}
+        if link_type == tarfile.SYMTYPE:
+            link_kwargs['symlink_to'] = linkname
+        else:
+            link_kwargs['hardlink_to'] = linkname
+
+        with ArchiveMaker() as arc:
+            arc.add('before')
+            arc.add('link', **link_kwargs)
+            arc.add('after')
+
+        with self.check_context(arc.open(errorlevel=1), 'data'):
+            self.expect_exception(tarfile.LinkOutsideDestinationError)
+
+        with self.check_context(arc.open(errorlevel=0), 'data'):
+            self.expect_file('before')
+            self.expect_file('after')
+
     @symlink_test
     def test_sly_relative0(self):
         # Inspired by 'relative0' in jwilk/traversal-archives
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-07-31-16-30-00.bpo-0.xz7oaj.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-07-31-16-30-00.bpo-0.xz7oaj.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000000..06ec380127e9b5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-07-31-16-30-00.bpo-0.xz7oaj.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+On Windows, :mod:`tarfile` extraction filters now report drive-relative
+member names and link targets using structured filter errors instead of
+allowing :exc:`ValueError` from :func:`os.path.commonpath` to escape.